Mastering the Skill of Writing an Academic Paragraph

Mastering the skill of writing an academic paragraph is vital to academic success. The key word here is 'skill' since, being a skill, successful paragraph writing can be perfected. This news will obviously come as welcome relief for all students.

So, how do you write a successful academic essay paragraph? Your first step is to ensure you understand the purpose of a paragraph and then to build your operational knowledge of the structural and language requirements. Then the final, and perhaps most crucial component in mastering the skill of writing an academic paragraph is... practice, practice, practice.

Let me give you a quick analogy; perfecting your ability to write a coherent, relevant academic paragraphs is the same as perfecting your ability to shoot a hoop, kick a goal, run 100m or any other sporting skill you care to mention. Remember writing is a skill. Therefore, regular writing practice will allow you to develop the freedom of expression necessary to convey your thoughts eloquently, critically and cohesively.

Mastering the Skill of Writing an Academic Paragraph

What is the purpose of an academic paragraph? Primarily the purpose of an academic paragraph (which occurs in the body of your essay) is to develop your thesis. Your thesis (which you clearly stated in the introduction of your essay) is your main argument, it is the point you are attempting to prove (and of course is usually your response to the essay question). Therefore, it is vital that your paragraph provides thoughtful analysis, rather than simply recounting a message.

What Language should you use? Although not all academics have the same language expectations, I am sure most will agree a paragraph which employs a cohesive, impersonal style and uses sophisticated vocabulary, tends to convey a critically relevant, credible response. Remember the purpose of your paragraph is to share information. In an academic sense, you are demonstrating to your examiner what you know. You are proving that you understand the content and are able to apply that knowledge while offering an evaluative judgment. Therefore, better academic paragraphs offer;

• Full form words
• Passive voice
• Nominalisation
• Cohesive devises
• Sophisticated / technical vocabulary

What academic paragraph structure 'works'? Again, while universal agreement for the structure of an academic paragraph may not be probable, it is possible to offer a formula that improves your chances of addressing the requirements of an essay question. Perhaps another analogy is in order. When we cook a 'new' dinner, we often follow a recipe. The function of the recipe is to offer a series of steps and ingredients which, when followed, increase the likelihood of a palatable meal. However, after we have cooked this meal numerous times we begin to develop an understanding of which ingredients are essential and which add 'flavour'. As our confidence increases, we begin to experiment, adding our own unique touches to construct a variation which offers the critical components of the original, while highlighting our own individual flair. Writing a successful academic paragraph is much the same. First we need to perfect our ability to include the fundamental elements, then we can experiment with expression. A formula I often suggest to my students is;

• Topic sentence (relates to the essay question and the topic of the paragraph)
• Explain the topic sentence
• Provide examples, comparisons, quotes and reference to other sources
• Concluding sentence (highlights relevance to the thesis)

Remember writing is a skill, the more you write, reflect and edit your work, the better it will become.

Mastering the Skill of Writing an Academic Paragraph
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I hope this article has encouraged reflection. I believe that reading opens potential, uncovers possibility and broadens perspective. Similarly, writing offers infinite opportunities. It creates worlds, encounters universes and unlocks secrets. Am I writer or a teacher? I am both. I am an English teacher with a passion for teaching and writing. I confess, to a propensity for encouraging teenagers to discover more about themselves and their world through the magic of narrative.

Currently I teach at a school in Sydney's Northern Beaches and created isthismystory.com as a platform for my students to reflect and share. It is a place for everyone to have a voice and a place to listen.

Welcome to a world of expression.

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Writing Grants - How Do Technical Writing Skills Affect Grant Funding?

Writing grant proposals can be an intimidating process. Some people never undertake the challenge because they assume they need specialized technical skills in order to win grant funding. That assumption is false. Though grant writing can be a labor-intensive task, the most critical aspects of writing a winning proposal are not technical secrets available only to professionals. They are tools and techniques available to anyone willing and able to prepare the necessary groundwork, take advantage of available resources, and follow some basic but often neglected strategies for success.

Because technical writers work primarily in information technology-related industries, they need specialized capabilities and knowledge which may be beyond the skill set of the typical grant writer. However, good technical writers are also experts in less technical areas critical to those pursuing grants. Developing those common areas is something you can learn -- that's the "science." By also honing your skills in areas specific to the "art" of grant writing, you can greatly increase your odds of winning a grant.

Common Areas (The Science):
Technical writers and grant writers must thoroughly understand the purpose of their document. Both must understand that they are communicating to a specific audience for a specific purpose. They must communicate information in a clear, concise way that can be easily understood. Good grammar, correct spelling and organization are critical in both cases. Their writing must be "presentational" - i.e., they should use appropriate headings, bullets and layouts that make their documents easy to read.

Writing Grants - How Do Technical Writing Skills Affect Grant Funding?

Grant-Specific Areas (The Art)
In addition to understanding the purpose of your document, as a grant writer you must also understand and convey a compelling sense of purpose for your organization. The most successful grant seekers are "purpose driven" and clearly communicate that in their writing. Be sure you are clear about the problem you are trying to solve.
The grant writer must know far more about the audience, or grant maker. Beyond knowing who the audience is, you must be very aware of what is important to that audience, what drives them. Grants are offered for very specific purposes; the needs you are addressing must be important to the grant maker.
While the technical writer follows basic rules for organizing data, the grant writer must absolutely conform to the grant maker's specifications. There are no exceptions to this rule. Even if you think the grant maker's guidelines are nonsensical and irrelevant, those are the guidelines you must follow if you wish to be considered.
Be clear about what you are trying to achieve and specific about how you will measure success. Most importantly, communicate how your proposed plans and programs will transform lives. You are asking a grant maker to give you money; be sure your reader can see the impact that decision will have.

In summary, some technical writing skills can help you write a stronger grant proposal. Learning the skills specific to grant-writing, however, will have a major impact on your success. We have touched on major areas here; many free resources are available to give you more insight and help you obtain grant funding.

Writing Grants - How Do Technical Writing Skills Affect Grant Funding?
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N. S. Jenks, Partner.
We provide fast, free, clear and factual information about finding and winning public and private grants, scholarships, and alternate funding sources.

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Facts About Bob Marley

Bob Marley, the Natural Mystic, may yet prove to be the most important musical artist of the twentieth century. Bob Marley's songs of determination, rebellion, and faith found an audience all over the world. Bob Marley was reggae's leading practitioner and emissary, embodying its spirit and spreading its gospel to all corners of the globe. Bob Marley free speech carries with it some freedom to listen.

Reggae's most transcendent and iconic figure, Bob Marley was the first Jamaican artist to achieve international super stardom, in the process introducing the music of his native island nation to the far-flung corners of the globe. Though he died prematurely at age 36, the heartbeat reggae rhythms of the enormous body of music that Bob Marley left behind have endured. However, in the two decades since the great man has gone, it is clear that he is without question one of the most transcendent figures of the past hundred years.

The last Bob Marley and the Wailers tour in 1980 attracted the largest audiences at that time for any musical act in Europe. Bob Marley and the Wailers was now the most important band on the road that year and the new Uprising album hit every chart in Europe. Bob Marley has always defended this often maligned herb. By popularizing reggae music and its marijuana celebrating lyrics, Bob Marley has prompted many people to question what they have been told, to take a fresh look at the evidence.

Facts About Bob Marley

The Bob Marley Foundation seeks to maintain a dynamic foundation which will enable individuals, groups, and/or communities in developing nations, particularly Jamaica and Africa, to create and implement programs that assist in the empowerment of the oppressed people and the elimination of generational poverty through sustainable projects.

Facts About Bob Marley
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Hispanic and American Cultural Differences Observed

Who Cares What Time It Is, We Have Each Other

American culture is quite different than Hispanic cultures, which are Latin in root. Obviously there are strengths and weaknesses between the two cultures. American culture is work-centered, and time is linear and a carefully divided. Hispanic culture is relationship-oriented, and time is organic and flexible. Of course, these are general observations only and there are always exceptions.

Our friends Hal and Cheryl took us to the top of some rugged, green El Salvadoran mountains to a restaurant hidden among the coffee plantations called Cabana de Aponeca. It was a long drive to get there and mostly on narrow, winding roads. We got out to stretch our legs. Flocks of green parrots, fluttered overhead, and iridescent blue and purple butterflies magically filled the air and hundreds of them were also sitting on the ground with wings folded together. It was supposed to be an afternoon trip and then we would return to Oscar and Pati's house for dinner. At least that was the plan.

Hispanic and American Cultural Differences Observed

We ordered colorful drinks of coconut, guava, lemon, orange, and talked and reminisced about old times. Hal and Cheryl were Americans who had lived in El Salvador for 25 years and had established a large, growing institute where people learn life skills, life principles, and values for living.

It was a privilege for me to be there to teach on the topics of finances, stewardship, planning, and micro-businesses and home businesses. As time went on, my son Caleb got very hungry, though we just had lunch several hours earlier. I reminded him that Oscar and Pati were having us over for dinner in a few hours.

You know, we Americans generally make a plan, stick to it, and watch the clock. If we are late to work and we see someone we know, the tendency is to quickly say "Hi", and say something like "I'm late for work, can't talk now." In America this is accepted as normal and they let us go. It says "work is more important than you right now." Time is a commodity. It is divided up, measured, plotted, and tracked. Time is "money" and we "live to work."

Our American values are quite different than Hispanic values, which are Latin in root. If I met a friend on the way to work then I'd have to stop and talk because the relationship is more important that the clock, or the next meeting. The relationship is the most highly valued commodity. It would be an insult to say "I can't talk because I have to go to work." Why? Because the message is interpreted as "You think your work is more important than me as a person" How differently we view the world. A late worker may not even be questioned, because everyone also agrees with the value that a relationship makes it OK to be late.

As we talked, Caleb got increasingly hungry. Hal got him a menu, and I thought we were making a special exception for him, but soon everyone was looking at menus! It took a lot of years for me to learn this cultural principle, and that is the quality time spent with important friends or family are more important that being to the next scheduled commitment. Our Outlook calendars would be used as guidelines, and would not rule over us to dictate our every minute. Time is not linear but it is organic and flows naturally, and promptness is based on the relationships and people you are with. It can be unacceptable to leave for another engagement before a natural ending time presents itself.

If you think Oscar and Pati were offended that we arrived very late, and not as hungry as we could have been, think again. They know this and it is acceptable to go with the flow and not be on time. In America, a late worker offends his boss and co-workers, and may be thought to be lacking in character, and had better have a good excuse. If we come late to a meeting, we apologize, and there are actually degrees of apologies needed, depending on how late you are! Being late by one, or two, or five, or ten, or twenty minutes warrants increasingly deeper degrees of apology. It can range from a sorry look or a verbal 'sorry', to a verbal 'I'm really sorry' or 'I am really sorry and here is why..." It is interesting to see that some people are not ruled by the clock or calendar, but by love or obligation to friends and family.

Obviously there are strengths and weaknesses in each system. One culture may sacrifice family relationships but efficiently manufacture anything under the sun and dominate the economic landscape. The other culture may foster close nuclear and extended family ties that not only define who they are but develops ties that becomes a strong social security safety net. One culture tends to have less-connected families and friends, and the other is has an economy that may plod along more slowly. Examining these differences may help each culture strengthen its inherent weaknesses.

Frequent trips to Latin America have made me re-evaluate work, relationships, and other values as an American. I believe I could use a little more time with friends and family, a little more relaxing at the coffee shop, and learning more of the art of conversation. But, it's important to stay relevant to the culture one lives in, and since I live in America I'll try to be on time for that dinner date. It helped me to also be more understanding when my Hispanic friends are late.

Here is some suggested reading:

Distant Neighbors - A Portrait of the Mexicans, by Alan Riding
The Germans, by Greg Nees
Au Contraire! The French, (another Latin culture...), By Gilles Asselin and Ruth Mastron

Hispanic and American Cultural Differences Observed
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Richard Kimura

Rich Kimura is a certified Crown Financial counselor, engineer, and entrepreneur. He has 3 patents and 2 pending and has published numerous technical papers. He has also taught on microbusiness development in third world countries. For more unique perspectives on personal finances, relationships, and spirituality, visit Cirrovista at [http://www.cirrovista.com]

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IGBT Test Procedures

The term IGBT is an acronym for Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor. It can be thought of as a Transistor with a MOSFET front end. It has three terminals (or leads) labeled Gate, Collector and Emitter. Some IGBT's have a built in protection diode. This diode is connected across the Collector and Emitter terminals. It is added for transient voltage protection when the IGBT is switching Inductive loads.

When these devices are considered 'suspect' it is necessary to validate their operation through a functional test procedure. One of two methods can be used:

The first test method will validate the condition of the protection diode, and the resistance of the Collector and Emitter terminals. It is not a definitive test, but will find 80% of all faulty devices. This is due to the fact that most faulty IGBT's show a low resistance or short across the Collector and Emitter terminals when the device is stressed.

IGBT Test Procedures

To perform this test will require a DVM (Digital-Volt-Meter). Set the DVM to the Diode Test position, and confirm that the device tests as follows:

Attach the Red Lead of the DVM to the Collector Terminal and Black Lead to the Emitter Terminal. Confirm an open circuit condition.

Attach the Red Lead of the DVM to the Emitter Terminal and Black Lead to the Collector Terminal. Confirm an open circuit condition (IGBT without a protection diode). If the DVM displays a forward voltage drop of 0.2 to 0.8 VDC it means that the IGBT has a built in protection diode. Both of these results are normal test conditions and are used to confirm whether the IGBT has a protection diode, and if it does, whether it is functional or not.

The second test method will check the IGBT's functionality, by gating the device. To perform this test will require an IGBT Tester. Confirm that the device tests as follows:

Attach the IGBT Tester leads to the Gate, Collector and Emitter Terminals. Confirm that the device Conduction LED is not lit.

Press the Test Button, and confirm that the Conduction LED lights.

Reverse the Collector and Emitter leads. Do not press the Test Button. If the Conduction LED lights the IGBT has a built in protection diode. This is a normal test condition for this type of device. If the Conduction LED does not light then the IGBT does not have a built in protection diode. This is also a normal test condition for this type of device.

It is important to note that Functional test of the IGBT should always be performed when the device is out-of-circuit. In other words, it should be removed from the product and have no other electrical connections in place, other than those outlined in the Test procedure.

IGBT Test Procedures
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David Willcocks is an Electronics professional, and Technical writer. For more information on Automated Test Equipment please visit http://www.imagineATE.com

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Do You Use APA Format Or MLA Format?

If you ever need to write essays, term papers or professional research papers, chances are you will be required to use one of two main format and style conventions; APA or MLA. These are the two most widely used paper formatting standards used in the English language.

Based on the clickthrough behavior of the more than 250,000 individual visitors who came to my Writing Help Central website last month, of those looking for format/style info, 53% were looking for APA help and 47% for MLA help; giving APA the slight edge.

Most academic and professional research papers are required to use some sort of standardized guidelines governing the style, format, and referencing of sources. The two major standards that have evolved over the years as the leading guidelines are those of the Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American Psychological Association (APA). So, if you are required to write any type of academic or professional papers, it is likely that you will be required to adhere to either APA or MLA standards.

Do You Use APA Format Or MLA Format?

Both APA and MLA organizations publish thick manuals that detail the specific conventions to use when writing papers using their respective formats. Due to the evolving nature of these guidelines, both organizations periodically issue updated versions of their standards manuals every few years. These are lengthy and somewhat technical manuals that exceed 400 pages in length and can be difficult to wade through.

One of the most difficult and confusing tasks when finalizing a paper is compiling what is widely known as a "bibliography". In fact, almost all academic and professional research papers are required to have an annotated bibliography. The term "bibliography" is often used as a generic term referring to some sort of list of "information sources" to be included at the end of a paper or article.

APA and MLA each have different ways to compile and present a bibliography in a paper, so it is important to check into the specific formats for the standard that you are required to use. Interestingly, neither one of these two writing standards actually refers to its "list of sources" as a "Bibliography". MLA calls it a "List of Works Cited" and APA refers to it as a "Reference List".

Because there are so many people looking for this APA and MLA information online, when I set up Writing Help Central a few years ago I spent the time and effort needed to study these two standards so that I could simplify them as much as possible and produce some pages that summarize the key guidelines of each one You can check out those APA and MLA summary pages via the following link: http://www.writinghelp-central.com/bibliography.html

Do You Use APA Format Or MLA Format?
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Technical Writing - Useful Terms

Just in time - also called lean manufacturing - is an old concept, but it became a major part of manufacturing and delivery when Toyota Corporation saw that it was more efficient to deliver parts when they were needed rather than producing them ahead of time and warehousing them. With JIT, production is scheduled so that parts arrive at the assembly site just in time to be used.

MSRP

MSRP is probably most associated with the retail auto industry, but every business has a manufacturer's suggested retail price for its products. That's the price that's quoted when you're told how much you save with a discount. When selling cars, it's also calledthe sticker price.

Technical Writing - Useful Terms

OEM

Short for original equipment manufacturer, the term refers to businesses that manufacture goods that are then sold to other businesses that may re-brand them or keep the OEM brand and sell them at retail. For example, Ford Motor Company is an OEM that manufactures all Ford brands. The products are then sold to dealerships that sell them to the retail customers.

POP or POS

An acronym for point of purchase or point of sale, both terms are used to indicate the actual, physical location where goods are sold to the public. For example, a checkout at a market is a POP or POS. Tech writers often create POP displays or advertising.

ROI

Return on investment is an accounting term that indicates the relationship between the amount of money invested in a product or project relative to the amount of return or rate of profit. ROI is usually expressed as a percentage as in Our ROI for the 4th quarter was 17.5%.

TSB

A technical service bulletin is information sent from a manufacturer to service technicians telling them how to fix a problem found in a product. If, as a manufacturer, you discovered that the O-rings on your shuttle-craft were subject to failure, you would issue a TSB telling technicians what to test for and how to solve the problem.

YTD

The term year to date is used to indicate a cumulative number that represents all of the instances of a particular event taking place in the whole year up to the present date. For example, you could say that there have been 27 people hired, YTD. It's also used when talking about profits up to the present date; The company profits, YTD, are 23% higher than at the end of last year.

WIIFM

Not really a technical term, WIIFM stands for What's In It For Me? And it's a fundamental question that has to be answered whether you're writing ad copy, training, or instructions. Unless the target audience sees a benefit from doing what you're asking, there won't be a positive response.

Here's a classic example of the WIIFM factor in selling. Corporal Nemo was sent to the induction center to sell Army Life Insurance to the new enlistees. His superior officer noticed that Nemo's success rate was close to 100%. No one had ever done better than 40%, so the officer sat in to hear the corporal's technique. It was this: first he explained the basics of the policy. Then he said, "If you're killed in action, and you don't have the insurance, the government pays ,000 to your beneficiaries. If you do have the insurance, they have to pay 0,000 to your beneficiaries" Then he paused and hit them with the WIIFM line. "So which guys do you think they're going to send into action first?"

KISS

Most of the time, KISS is translated as keep it simple, stupid. We prefer keep it short & simple because we don't think we're dealing with stupid people on either side. Basically, it means that you don't over-write or over-complicate things.

There's an old rule in writing that says, "Never use a long word when a short word will do." The same rule applies to sentences and paragraphs. Write in blocks of text that are easy to grasp and understand. Make the point clear. Organize content in a logical order.

Technical Writing - Useful Terms
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If you can write a simple sentence in English and organize your thoughts then technical writing may be a rewarding field. You can easily make it a second income stream in your spare time.

According to the U.S. Department of Labor, the average salary for technical writers is ,380. Freelance technical writers can make from to per hour.

The field of technical writing is like a golden city. It's filled with wealth, rewards and opportunities. After learning technical writing you can branch out into business writing, marketing writing and communications writing. All of these can become additional income streams.

But to succeed you must learn how to market yourself to clients. You have to prove to them that you are an invaluable asset. That's where ProTech - Your Fast Track to Becoming a Successful Technical Writer can help. It's a technical writing course that does two equally important things:

1. It teaches you the skills to become a technical writer in the shortest time frame. You'll learn to create manuals, procedures, tutorials, processes, proposals, spec sheets and other documents that businesses need.

2. It shows you how to market yourself to clients so you can start your income stream as soon as possible.

In fact, you'll get a complete marketing toolkit which has templates and technical writing job sites to get started immediately!

You can download two sample lessons by clicking the link below.

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